异步“欧几里得”示例#
Python语言提供了异步操作的关键字，即“async”用于定义协程，“await”用于在事件循环中调度异步调用（见PEP 492）。实现事件循环、支持这些关键字以及更多功能取决于包。
对此最知名的包是asyncio。asyncio提供了一个API，允许用自定义实现替换asyncio事件循环。这种实现可以通过QtAsyncio模块使用，它基于Qt并在后端使用Qt的事件循环。
trio是另一个流行的包，它提供了针对更复杂用例的专用低级API。特别是，存在一个函数cipher>start_guest_run，它可以使Trio事件循环作为“客座”在另一个事件循环内运行——在我们的情况下，是Qt的事件循环，这与asyncio的方法相反。
基于此功能，已实现了两个与Qt一起异步使用的示例：eratosthenes和minimal
eratosthenes是一个更具扩展性的示例，它可视化欧几里得筛法算法。这个算法本身并不是一个特别适合异步操作的算法，因为它不是一个I/O密集型的，但通过将协程同步到可配置的滴答，可以很好地进行可视化。
minimal 是一个包含可触发带睡眠的异步协程按钮的最小示例。它旨在突出显示对于使用 Qt 的异步程序来说是必不可少的模板代码，并为更复杂程序提供起点。
eratosthenes 将将在 trio/asyncio 的事件循环中运行的异步逻辑分离到单独的类中，而 minimal 展示了异步函数可以集成到任何类中，包括 Qt 类的子类。
# Copyright (C) 2022 The Qt Company Ltd.
# SPDX-License-Identifier: LicenseRef-Qt-Commercial OR BSD-3-Clause
from PySide6.QtCore import (Qt, QEvent, QObject, QTimer, Signal, Slot)
from PySide6.QtGui import (QColor, QFont, QPalette)
from PySide6.QtWidgets import (QApplication, QGridLayout, QLabel, QMainWindow, QVBoxLayout, QWidget)
import outcome
import signal
import sys
import traceback
import trio
from random import randint
class MainWindow(QMainWindow):
set_num = Signal(int, QColor)
def __init__(self, rows, cols):
super().__init__()
self.rows = rows
self.cols = cols
widget_central = QWidget()
self.setCentralWidget(widget_central)
layout_outer = QVBoxLayout(widget_central)
self.widget_outer_text = QLabel()
font = QFont()
font.setPointSize(14)
self.widget_outer_text.setFont(font)
layout_outer.addWidget(self.widget_outer_text, alignment=Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignCenter)
widget_inner_grid = QWidget()
layout_outer.addWidget(widget_inner_grid, alignment=Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignCenter)
self.layout_inner_grid = QGridLayout(widget_inner_grid)
k = 1
for i in range(self.rows):
for j in range(self.cols):
box = QLabel(f"{k}")
self.layout_inner_grid.addWidget(box, i, j, Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignCenter)
k += 1
self.set_num.connect(self.set_num_handler)
@Slot(int, QColor)
def set_num_handler(self, i, color):
row = int((i - 1) / self.cols)
col = (i - 1) - (row * self.cols)
widget = self.layout_inner_grid.itemAtPosition(row, col).widget()
font = QFont()
font.setWeight(QFont.Bold)
palette = QPalette()
palette.setColor(QPalette.WindowText, color)
widget.setFont(font)
widget.setPalette(palette)
class Eratosthenes(QObject):
""" This Sieve of Eratosthenes runs on a configurable tick (default
0.1 seconds). At each tick, a new subroutine will be created
that will check multiples of the next prime number. Each of
these subroutines also operates on the same tick. """
def __init__(self, num, window, tick=0.1):
super().__init__()
self.num = num
self.sieve = [True] * self.num
self.base = 0
self.window = window
self.tick = tick
self.coroutines = []
self.done = False
self.nursery = None
async def start(self):
async with trio.open_nursery() as self.nursery:
self.nursery.start_soon(self.update_text)
while self.base <= self.num / 2:
await trio.sleep(self.tick)
for i in range(self.base + 1, self.num):
if self.sieve[i]:
self.base = i
break
self.nursery.start_soon(self.mark_number, self.base + 1)
while sum(self.coroutines) > 0:
await trio.sleep(self.tick)
self.done = True
async def mark_number(self, base):
id = len(self.coroutines)
self.coroutines.append(1)
color = QColor(randint(64, 192), randint(64, 192), randint(64, 192))
for i in range(2 * base, self.num + 1, base):
if self.sieve[i - 1]:
self.sieve[i - 1] = False
self.window.set_num.emit(i, color)
await trio.sleep(self.tick)
self.coroutines[id] = 0
async def update_text(self):
while not self.done:
await trio.sleep(self.tick)
if int(trio.lowlevel.current_clock().current_time() + self.tick) % 2:
text = "⚙️ ...Calculating prime numbers... ⚙️"
else:
text = "👩💻 ...Hacking the universe... 👩💻"
self.window.widget_outer_text.setText(text)
self.window.widget_outer_text.setText(
"🥳 Congratulations! You found all the prime numbers and solved mathematics. 🥳"
)
class AsyncHelper(QObject):
class ReenterQtObject(QObject):
""" This is a QObject to which an event will be posted, allowing
Trio to resume when the event is handled. event.fn() is the
next entry point of the Trio event loop. """
def event(self, event):
if event.type() == QEvent.Type.User + 1:
event.fn()
return True
return False
class ReenterQtEvent(QEvent):
""" This is the QEvent that will be handled by the ReenterQtObject.
self.fn is the next entry point of the Trio event loop. """
def __init__(self, fn):
super().__init__(QEvent.Type(QEvent.Type.User + 1))
self.fn = fn
def __init__(self, worker, entry):
super().__init__()
self.reenter_qt = self.ReenterQtObject()
self.entry = entry
self.worker = worker
if hasattr(self.worker, "start_signal") and isinstance(self.worker.start_signal, Signal):
self.worker.start_signal.connect(self.launch_guest_run)
@Slot()
def launch_guest_run(self):
""" To use Trio and Qt together, one must run the Trio event
loop as a "guest" inside the Qt "host" event loop. """
if not self.entry:
raise Exception("No entry point for the Trio guest run was set.")
trio.lowlevel.start_guest_run(
self.entry,
run_sync_soon_threadsafe=self.next_guest_run_schedule,
done_callback=self.trio_done_callback,
)
def next_guest_run_schedule(self, fn):
""" This function serves to re-schedule the guest (Trio) event
loop inside the host (Qt) event loop. It is called by Trio
at the end of an event loop run in order to relinquish back
to Qt's event loop. By posting an event on the Qt event loop
that contains Trio's next entry point, it ensures that Trio's
event loop will be scheduled again by Qt. """
QApplication.postEvent(self.reenter_qt, self.ReenterQtEvent(fn))
def trio_done_callback(self, outcome_):
""" This function is called by Trio when its event loop has
finished. """
if isinstance(outcome_, outcome.Error):
error = outcome_.error
traceback.print_exception(type(error), error, error.__traceback__)
if __name__ == "__main__":
rows = 40
cols = 40
num = rows * cols
app = QApplication(sys.argv)
main_window = MainWindow(rows, cols)
eratosthenes = Eratosthenes(num, main_window)
async_helper = AsyncHelper(eratosthenes, eratosthenes.start)
# This establishes the entry point for the Trio guest run. It varies
# depending on how and when its event loop is to be triggered, e.g.,
# from the beginning (as here) or rather at a specific moment like
# a button press.
QTimer.singleShot(0, async_helper.launch_guest_run)
main_window.show()
signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal.SIG_DFL)
app.exec()
# Copyright (C) 2022 The Qt Company Ltd.
# SPDX-License-Identifier: LicenseRef-Qt-Commercial OR BSD-3-Clause
from PySide6.QtCore import (Qt, QObject, Signal, Slot)
from PySide6.QtGui import (QColor, QFont, QPalette)
from PySide6.QtWidgets import (QApplication, QGridLayout, QLabel, QMainWindow, QVBoxLayout, QWidget)
import PySide6.QtAsyncio as QtAsyncio
import asyncio
import sys
from random import randint
class MainWindow(QMainWindow):
set_num = Signal(int, QColor)
def __init__(self, rows, cols):
super().__init__()
self.rows = rows
self.cols = cols
widget_central = QWidget()
self.setCentralWidget(widget_central)
layout_outer = QVBoxLayout(widget_central)
self.widget_outer_text = QLabel()
font = QFont()
font.setPointSize(14)
self.widget_outer_text.setFont(font)
layout_outer.addWidget(self.widget_outer_text, alignment=Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignCenter)
widget_inner_grid = QWidget()
layout_outer.addWidget(widget_inner_grid, alignment=Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignCenter)
self.layout_inner_grid = QGridLayout(widget_inner_grid)
k = 1
for i in range(self.rows):
for j in range(self.cols):
box = QLabel(f"{k}")
self.layout_inner_grid.addWidget(box, i, j, Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignCenter)
k += 1
self.set_num.connect(self.set_num_handler)
@Slot(int, QColor)
def set_num_handler(self, i, color):
row = int((i - 1) / self.cols)
col = (i - 1) - (row * self.cols)
widget = self.layout_inner_grid.itemAtPosition(row, col).widget()
font = QFont()
font.setWeight(QFont.Bold)
palette = QPalette()
palette.setColor(QPalette.WindowText, color)
widget.setFont(font)
widget.setPalette(palette)
class Eratosthenes(QObject):
""" This Sieve of Eratosthenes runs on a configurable tick (default
0.1 seconds). At each tick, a new subroutine will be created
that will check multiples of the next prime number. Each of
these subroutines also operates on the same tick. """
def __init__(self, num, window, tick=0.1):
super().__init__()
self.num = num
self.sieve = [True] * self.num
self.base = 0
self.window = window
self.tick = tick
self.coroutines = []
self.done = False
self.loop = None
def get_tick(self):
return self.loop.time() + self.tick
async def start(self):
self.loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
asyncio.create_task(self.update_text())
while self.base <= self.num / 2:
await asyncio.sleep(self.tick)
for i in range(self.base + 1, self.num):
if self.sieve[i]:
self.base = i
break
asyncio.create_task(self.mark_number(self.base + 1))
while sum(self.coroutines) > 0:
await asyncio.sleep(self.tick)
self.done = True
async def mark_number(self, base):
id = len(self.coroutines)
self.coroutines.append(1)
color = QColor(randint(64, 192), randint(64, 192), randint(64, 192))
for i in range(2 * base, self.num + 1, base):
if self.sieve[i - 1]:
self.sieve[i - 1] = False
self.window.set_num.emit(i, color)
await asyncio.sleep(self.tick)
self.coroutines[id] = 0
async def update_text(self):
while not self.done:
await asyncio.sleep(self.tick)
if int(self.loop.time() + self.tick) % 2:
text = "⚙️ ...Calculating prime numbers... ⚙️"
else:
text = "👩💻 ...Hacking the universe... 👩💻"
self.window.widget_outer_text.setText(text)
self.window.widget_outer_text.setText(
"🥳 Congratulations! You found all the prime numbers and solved mathematics. 🥳"
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
rows = 40
cols = 40
num = rows * cols
app = QApplication(sys.argv)
main_window = MainWindow(rows, cols)
eratosthenes = Eratosthenes(num, main_window)
main_window.show()
QtAsyncio.run(eratosthenes.start())